Conference Management

Unique This venture means to make a typical stage for arranging exercises of gathering. The gathering the executives framework will deal with the edited compositions and research papers put together by researchers, checking on them, and tolerating or dismissing them. This will significantly decrease the expenses and endeavors of the gathering chiefs and creators where they can legitimately connect through web. Right now there is a requirement for such a meeting the executives framework, where inquire about gatherings identifying with various fields can be overseen by single application. This application can have any number of gatherings and enormous number of paper can be submitted.The condition made would upgrade the ease of use of conference’s along these lines encouraging the researcher’s to present their papers effectively and making coordinators to deal with the research’s by sending it to the jury and taking their audits. This would decrease a great deal of exertion. It would likewise dispose of the need to have mastery on utilizing individuals for dealing with every single such action. It would smooth the advancement of gathering the executives and all the exercises will happen in very much characterized way. Chapter by chapter list Page No. RecommendationI Dissertation Approval Sheet II Candidate DeclarationIIIAcknowledgementIV AbstractV Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 Overview and issues involved01 1. 2 Problem definition 01 1. 3Problem Solution 01 Chapter-2 Literature Survey 2. 1 Methodology 03 2. 2 Technologies and devices 04 Chapter-3 Requirements gathering 3. 1 Software prerequisites 08 3. 2 Hardware prerequisites 98 3. 3 Use case model 10 Chapter-4 Analysis 4. 1 Sequence outlines 18 4. 2 Activity graphs 22 Chapter-5 Design 5. 1 Technology determination 25 5. 2 Database structure 28 5. 3 Implementation subtleties Chapter-6 Testing 6. 1Test case and design30 6. 2Testing techniques and strategies31Conclusion 37 Bibliography38 Chapter -1 Introduction This gathering the board device targets improving the meeting the executives rehearses and diminishes the weight with respect to coordinators, and gives the specialized answer for the exploration paper accommodation and audits. 1. 1 Overview and Issues Involved There are huge quantities of gatherings being occurring at various areas everywhere throughout the world, we have seen scientists and famous educationist present their exploration papers at these meetings, they for the most part need to send the examination paper through post and it takes a great deal of time.This venture is engaged towards building up an administration framework that will take into account the requirements of the gathering coordinators. 1. 2 Problem Definition In the current situation, the gathering coordinators face a great deal of issues in organizing different exercises that are related with meeting. This builds a ton of exertion and needs a great deal of ability and huge quantities of ind ividuals are required to deal with all the procedure. This unquestionably isn't a simple assignment. There is a great deal of difficulty associated with presenting an exploration paper to a gathering and afterward sending it to a jury, for survey and their comments.To accelerate this procedure of meeting the executives was our primary concentration in this undertaking. 1. 3 Problem Solution This undertaking will be a fine exhibit of effective utilization of innovation and building in the web-application improvement field. This will chop down the arranging and upkeep cost of conference’s and will likewise decrease the endeavors of creator to send their examination papers through post. This is done through formation of a meeting the board application that would help the coordinators to run their gathering effectively.Our programming item ‘conference the executives system’ is planned and created to give the inflexible answer for the treatment of meetings. We have st ructured an interface that will give the stage to the specialists and educationist to present their examination papers on the web and it will be sent to jury for their audit and remarks. The framework will help the user’s to make new meeting by giving the data of the gathering and the solicitation will be sent to the overseer for validation.The head can acknowledge or dismiss the gathering solicitation and he should power to erase the creator in the event that he is found doing criminal behavior on the framework. The seat of the meeting will add the program advisory group individuals to audit the papers submitted in that gathering. The seat can check the subtleties of the paper submitted in the meeting introduced by him. The program board of trustees part will survey the gathering for which he is chosen by the seat to audit the meeting. The program board of trustees can download the exploration paper for understanding it so it very well may be checked on in a superior way. . 1 Methodology To work this product in a most ideal manner, the client ought to have some information on getting to web and exploring the web through any program. He ought to know about how gatherings are facilitated and the functioning of association that host’s the meeting I. e. from submitting of paper, sending it to the jury, and afterward finishing chosen examine papers. 1 System Interfaces As our framework is totally a free framework in itself in this manner it doesn't require any outside API or any interface for cooperation with some other system.It just connects with the overseer and author’s, however not with some other programming segment. 2 Interfaces Our framework will collaborate with the client just through the very much characterized graphical UI. Customer server design will be required for supporting the application. Customer Server Architecture A server is whatever has some asset that can be shared. There are Computer servers, which give processing powe r; print servers, which deal with an assortment of printers; plate servers, which give organized circle space; and web servers, which store web pages.A customer is basically whatever other substance that needs to access a specific server. The connection among customer and server is much the same as the communication between a light and an electrical attachment. The force framework of the house is the server, and the light is a force customer. The server is a for all time accessible asset, while the customer is allowed to â€Å"unplug† after it is has been served. [pic] Fig 2. 1 Client-Server Architecture 2. 2 Technologies and Tools NetBeans allude to both a stage structure for java work area applications,and a coordinated improvement environment(IDE).The NetBeans IDE is written in Java and can run anyplace a good JVM is introduced, including Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and so on. The NetBeans stage permits application to be created from a lot of measured programming parts called modules. The NetBeans Platform is a reusable structure for rearranging the advancement of Java Swing work area applications. Among the highlights of the stage are: †¢ User interface the executives (e. g. menus, toolbars) †¢ User settings the executives †¢ Storage the board (sparing and stacking any sort of information) †¢ Window the executives Wizard system (underpins bit by bit discoursed) †¢ NetBeans Visual Library †¢ Integrated advancement Tools Adobe Dreamweaver Adobe Dreamweaver is the business driving web composing and altering programming that gives both visual and code-level abilities for making guidelines based sites and structures for the work area, PDAs, tablets, and different gadgets. It is a site building and distributing apparatus suitable for middle of the road to cutting edge clients that permits you to make graphical interface and implicit propelled structure and coding features.It empowers utilization of fundamental JavaScript with no coding information. Coordinating highlights of Adobe Dreamweaver are astonishing; it incorporates with Adobe’s Spry Ajax structure and that makes a simple access to progressively produced substance and interfaces. Adobe Dreamweaver is additionally incorporated with Adobe Flash Professional, Fireworks, Photoshop Extended; this diminishes the measure of stages for making ventures. Adobe Dreamweaver underpins driving web advancement advances, for example, HTML, XHTML, CSS, XML, JavaScript, Ajax, PHP, Adobe ColdFusion programming, which make structuring and improvement extremely magical.Powerful CSS instruments needn't bother with isolated utilities, and diminish the need to physically alter CSS code in planning and creating sites. Adobe Dreamweaver is the best application for augmentation engineers and website specialists who plan and set up sites. Mysql is a social database the board framework (RDBMS) that runs as a server giving multi-client access to various databases. The SQ L expression represents Structured Query Language. Free-programming open source extends that require a full-highlighted database the board framework regularly use MySQL.For business use, a few paid versions are accessible, and offer extra usefulness. Utilizations MySQL is a mainstream decision of database for use in web applications, and is a focal segment of the generally utilized LAMP web application programming stackâ€LAMP is an abbreviation for â€Å"Linux, Apache, MySQL and Perl/PHP/Python†. MySQL is utilized in the absolute most much of the time visited sites on the Internet, including Flickr. com, Nokia. com, YouTube and as recently referenced, Wikipedia, Google and Facebook. Glass Fish Server: Glassfish is an open source application server venture drove by Sun Microsystems for the Java EE platform.The restrictive adaptation is called Sun GlassFish Enterprise Server. Glassfish is free programming. The most recent adaptation of GlassFish discharged is v3. 1. Other Ja va EE application servers: †¢ JBoss AS †¢ WebSphere AS †¢ WebLogic Server †¢ Apache Geronimo MODULE-2 †¢ JDBC/ODBC: ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) is a standard programming interface for getting to database the executives frameworks (DBMS). The fashioners of ODBC planned to make it free ofâ programming dialects, database frameworks, andâ operating frameworks. Subsequently, any application can utilize ODBC to question information from a

Life Is So Good by George Dawson and Richard Glaubman Essay examples --

Life Is So Good by George Dawson and Richard Glaubman Great Afternoon Ms. McCafferty, I made this arrangement since I energetically accept that the book, Life is so acceptable composed by George Dawson and Richard Glaubman ought to be on the Carey booklist for Year 9 understudies. Life is so acceptable is a glorious part life story, part self-portrayal of a multi year old dark man named George Dawson who went to class to figure out how to peruse and compose when he was 98 years of age. George Dawson might be 103 yet he can in any case stroll without a stick and can recall his existence with an uncanny capacity. That is the reason there is such a great amount of detail in this book. Life is so acceptable recounts his hard life from when he was just 6 years of age and living on a ranch in the external locale of a town called Marshall in Southern Texas. In an early c...

Sample TOEFL Independent Essay

Sample TOEFL Independent Essay The QuestionDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? My lifestyle is easier and more comfortable than the one my grandparents experienced when they were young. Use specific details and examples to support your answer.Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this web page. Its a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the test. Sign up today.The Sample EssayMany people are nostalgic for the way life was lived in the past because they think that in those days life was more enjoyable. Personally, however, I believe that life has never been as easy as it is right now. I feel this way for two reasons, which I will explore in the following essay.?First of all, people today work fewer hours than they did when my grandparents were very young. This increases both our leisure time and our overall happiness. Today, almost all workers enjoy time off on the weekend and, usually, work no more than thirty-six hours per week. This means that people today are able to easily pursue whatever hobbies and interests make them happy. I feel that my own family’s history is a good example of this contrast. Many years ago, when my grandparents began their careers, they worked six days per week for a total of about fifty hours. In contrast, I work just five days a week and still receive a full-time salary. My light workloads means that I have time for the sorts of hobbies that my grandparents were only able to take up following their retirement. This makes my life extremely comfortable.?Secondly, advanced home appliances are ubiquitous in the modern era, which makes it easier for people to enjoy fulfilling and interesting daily lives. When my grandparents were young, their kitchen was equipped with no more than a simple stove. Today, in contrast, our kitchens contain a wide range of appliances, including microwaves, toaster ovens, blen ders, mixers, and so on. For instance, my own kitchen contains all of these tools. I use them to quickly prepare interesting new foods every night using recipes from countries all over the world. I feel that having culinary adventures increases my well being and overall state of mind. My grandparents ate nutritious and delicious food, but it was really time-consuming and arduous for them to prepare meals because they lacked modern appliances.?In conclusion, I am of the opinion that I enjoy a much more comfortable and easy life than my grandparents did when they were young. This is because I work fewer hours, and because I have access to a range of modern devices which make meal preparation easier than ever before. (379 words)

What Ethical Responsibility Does the United States Have...

The subject of illegal immigration coupled with the concern of the growing number of illegal immigrants in the United States has been a long standing national debate. A single finite definition of the term â€Å"illegal immigrant† has proven difficult to specify. For the purposes of this paper, I will use the term â€Å"undocumented immigrant† defined as an individual who has â€Å"entered the United States illegally or violated the terms of their residency status† (Chan, Scott, Krishel, Bramwell, and Clark, 2006). Over the years there has been a growing debate as to whether or not the United States should provide health care services to undocumented immigrants. Those siding against providing health care services for undocumented†¦show more content†¦James Dwyer (2004), author of â€Å"Illegal Immigrants, Health Care and Social Responsibility†, points out that although human migration is not something new, the issue of â€Å"illegal† immigration is; stating that â€Å"only in the last hundred years or so have states tried in a systematic way to control the number and kinds of immigrants† (p. 35). Whether legal or illegal, when migrating from their homeland, regardless of their individual circumstances, immigrants face a number of challenges en route to, and upon arrival into the United States. It is common knowledge that immigrants face language barriers, basic cultural differences, emotional isolation, prejudice and discrimination upon their arrival into the United States. Dr. Jean Rhodes points out that due to their exclusion from public services, [undocumented] immigrants typically settle in areas of deep poverty plagued with inadequate services in addition to substandard living conditions and schools (2005). However, the most difficult and detrimental issue they face is their access to receiving public health care. In his 2003 article in the American Journal of Public Health, Jeffrey Kullgren points out that many of the undocumented immigrants inShow MoreRelatedwhat is health1228 Words   |  5 Pageshas the right and responsibility to a healthy life style. However, to have a healthy life and remain will be almost impossible without healthcare, which may be provided by but not limited to hospitals, institutions, nurses, doctors, dentists, government agencies, and voluntary agencies. According to (craven Hirnle 2009), health care in the united states has changed throughout the years and due to shorter hospitals stays and advanced technology, the population requires healthcare has increased. ItRead MoreIllegal Immigrants and Health Care1936 Words   |  8 PagesDanson Ndungu Illegal Immigration and Health Care Phil 165 December 7th 2010 Christopher Columbus landed on the shores of America back 500 years ago in the year 1492. Were he and his crew the first illegal immigrants in America? The land was occupied by another group of people that didn’t grant these explorers the right to have whatever they please without acquiring some kind of legal status. The topic of legal status might have been irrelevant back in those days but it surely is an issue that isRead MoreShould Business Hire Undocumented Workers? Essays3308 Words   |  14 Pages1) What are the legal and ethical issues in this case? The legal issues in this case are: there is anywhere from twelve to twenty million illegal immigrants residing in the United States illegally. As far as the ethical issues in this case, well there are so many issues I wouldn’t even know where to begin. The fact that any business would intentionally make their working environment and so poor knowing that only illegal immigrants would tolerate working there without reporting it to any agency orRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Health Care Access6465 Words   |  26 Pages INTRODUCTION Over the past few years, many issues have surfaced regarding illegal immigrants and health care access. Imagine your heart beating and blood rushing as quickly as possible through your veins. Then, someone knocks at the door, â€Å"rapido, escondete† (quickly hide); the silence takes over the house; the fear of what would happen next is quickly pounding hard through your head. That’s the fear that some people have to live in. It’s the fear of getting deported at any time or getting separatedRead MoreHealth Care Of The United States1725 Words   |  7 PagesWhat was once considered a luxury, healthcare is becoming more and more of an expense as the years have gone on. It is no secret that the cost of healthcare is spiraling out of control. According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, â€Å"Total health care spending in the United States is expected to reach $4.8 trillion in 2021, up from $2.6 trillion in 2010 and $75 billion in 1970. To put it in context , this means that health care spending will account for nearly 20 percent of gross domestic productRead MoreWalmart Case Study1410 Words   |  6 Pagesshare of litigation over the years. Litigation over off the clock work, sexual discrimination, health care benefits, unions, and unfair labor treatment have plagued the company. Off-the-Clock-Work Walmart has had numerous lawsuits filed accusing the company of forcing employees to work when they were not on the clock. The following chart provides a summary of this litigation: Sexual Discrimination The first sexual discrimination lawsuit was filed in 2001. Over the years, Walmart has been accusedRead MoreHealth Care Reform For The United States2292 Words   |  10 PagesHealth care in the United States needs to be reformed to be more equitable to all citizens regardless of their race and financial situation. Those in charge of reforming health care should consider the principles of social justice outlined in Catholic social teaching as guidelines for ethical health care reform. Those principles are: the dignity of human beings, the common good, solidarity, and subsidiarity. These four social-justice principles provide a foundation for a virtuous and economicallyRead MoreWal Mart Case Study The Challenge of Managing Relationships with Stakeholders17330 Words   |  70 PagesIntroduction Wal-Mart’s Ranking Response to Various Stakeholders Wal-Mart’s Recent Number of Ethical Issues in the News Improved Ethical Culture Positive Response to Stakeholders What are t he relevant Facts? What are the Ethical Issues? a) Female Employees b) Disabled Employees c) Illegal Immigrants d) Low Benefits e) Working Conditions f) Ethical Leadership Issues g) Environmental Stakeholders What are the Primary Stakeholders 1) The Stockholders 2) The Wal-Mart Executives 3) The Employees 4)Read MoreTemporary Assistance For Needy Families3737 Words   |  15 PagesI support TANF especially since it helps families, which includes aiding children who do not have the ability to support themselves. It is hard for me to see the children suffer especially since it is no fault of their own. Professional Social Work Values: Social workers are heavily involved in welfare reform, which is seen behind Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (Woodside, 2001). TANF provides certain families such as those with children with funding as well as other resources over a maximumRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act : A Critical Analysis Essay10519 Words   |  43 PagesSummary An abstract is a single paragraph, without indentation, that summarizes the key points of the manuscript in 150 to 250 words. For simpler papers in Paul Rose’s classes, a somewhat shorter abstract is fine. The purpose of the abstract is to provide the reader with a brief overview of the paper. When in doubt about a rule, check the sixth edition APA manual rather than relying on this template. (I prefer only one space after a period, but two spaces are suggested by the sixth-edition APA manual

Billy Pilgrim Sane or Insane Essay - 1144 Words

SlaughterHouse-Five is a book about a man named Billy Pilgrim who is stuck in time, and constantly travels throughout different events in his life. Billy accepts different values and sees traumatic and morbid events differently than others. Billy accepts a way of life that is not perceivable to other humans. Many would argue that Billy’s experiences make him insane, but Billy’s experiences with the Tralfamadorians actually allows him to preserve his sanity, and stay a very intelligent man. Many argue that Billy is completely insane. Their position may include the fact that Billy never mentioned the planet Tralfamadore before he got into the plane crash. This is a great point because an event such a plane crash could very well leave†¦show more content†¦Veronica kept going towards the hospital anyway. When Barbara arrived at the hospital, she passed out from the fumes, and later died. Billy almost overlooks this tragic event. He just goes on with his life. This does not make him insane, he just believes in a different way of life and abides by that. Later in the book, Billy is describing to his daughter, Barbara, what it is like to live the Tralfamadorian way and what their ideals are like. Billy is explaining to her why we don’t know about them, and arguing with her. She snidely asks him that if he knew about the plane crash, then why didn’t he say anything? Billy simply replies â€Å" I didn’t think the time was ripe† (Vonnegut, 38). Ripe is an interesting word choice. He uses it to imply that if he had done something about it, it would be like eating an unripe fruit, it isn’t meant to be done.The word choice really makes an impression on the reader. You think to yourself, â€Å"when has the time not be ripe for me?† It’s an exceptional quote that makes you think about your own life choices.The Tralfamadorian ways teach that you cannot change the bad times, so just focus on the good ones. Billy is human, and he believes what the Tralfamadorians teach. Some may argue that a human, receiving information from super intelligent aliens, may cause insanity, and that no human is meant to live in four dimensions. Billy Pilgrim handles thisShow MoreRelatedBilly Pilgrims Presentations of Metal Illness in Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five1286 Words   |  5 PagesBilly Pilgrim, the main character of Kurt Vonnegut’s novel Slaughterhouse Five, would not be described as an ordinary person by any standards. Billy is an optometrist, prisoner of war, World War II veteran, a zoo display for aliens, and a frequent time traveler. The character Billy is a controversial subject, because readers cannot discern whether he is sane and has fantastical experiences or is insane and deserves to be in a mental hospital. Billy Pilgrim may be many things, but is Billy simplyRead MoreSlaughterhouse Five and Hamlet1701 Words   |  7 Pageschallenging. When comparing two characters, it is harder to see the similarities than the differences. Hamlet and Billy Pilgrim are two different characters, from two different centuries, from two different countries, from two different worlds, and yet their search for the meaning of life was astonishingly similar. The search for the meaning of life becomes quite difficult for Hamlet and Billy Pilgrim. They both experience horrific adventures in their lives along with insanity which their personalities attractRead More Slaughterhouse Five Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagesinstitutions, Billy Pilgrim turns to the Tralfalmadorian concept of time. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Billy Pilgrim has been through many cruelties in his life. As a child his own father was cruel to him. They had gone to the Y.M.C.A. to teach Billy how to swim. A horrible, traumatic, event that would stay with Billy for the rest of his life. â€Å"Little Billy was terrified, because his father had said Billy was going to learn to swim by the method of sink-or –swim. His father was going to throw Billy intoRead More Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five and Breakfast of Champions3313 Words   |  14 Pagesbook, would incorporate this idea of determinism into its theme. Slaughterhouse-Five is about a man named Billy Pilgrim who becomes â€Å"unstuck in time† (Vonnegut 29). His experiences in the Second World War – namely, the fire-bombing of Dresden, where a generally peaceful and pretty German city was wiped off the map by an Allied aerial assault – leave him mentally disjointed and not quite sane. Of course, nothing fanfares ine vitability and a predetermined state of existence quiet like the wild adventures

System Architecture Free Essays

string(21) " on a failure model\." We suspect that the real reason is the lack of a comprehensive, hysteretic and unifying approach to architectural design that makes the patterns In some sense comparable. Acquirement specification into a working software and hardware system and, hence, could be seen as â€Å"programming-in-the-very-large†. Since it is an accepted doctrine that mistakes when caught in the early stages are much cheaper to correct than when discovered in the late stages, good architectural system design could be of enormous economical potential. We will write a custom essay sample on System Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The purpose of this paper is to take a first step in the direction of a methodology for architectural design. Or in other words, we submit that architectural design should allow a methodology and not intuition, I. E. Should be treated as a science and not as an art. In order not to become overly ambitious, and to stay within the confines of a conference paper, we will limit ourselves to information systems as the synthesis of data base and data communication systems, with more emphasis on the former. 2 2. 1 Services Services and resources Since we claim that architectural design is the first step in a process that turns a requirements specification into a working software and hardware system, an essential ingredient of the design method is a uniform and rigorous requirements specification. Requirements is something imposed by an outside wow RL. For information systems the outside world are the business processes in some real-world organization such as industry, government, education, financial institutions, for which they provide the informational support. Figure 1 illustrates the basic idea. The counterpart of business processes in an information system are informational processes. Business processes proceed in a linear (as in Figure 1) or non-linear order of steps, and so do the informational processes. To meet its obligations, each step draws on a number of resources. Resources are infrastructural means that are not died to any particular process or business but support a broad spectrum of these and can be shared, perhaps concurrently, by a large number of processes. In an information system the resources are informational in nature. Because of their central role, resources must be managed properly to achieve the desired system goals of economy, scale, capacity and timeliness. Therefore, access to each resource is through a resource manager. In the remainder we use the term information systems in the narrower sense of a collection of informational resources and their managers. What qualifies as a resource depends on the scope of a process. For example, in decision processes the resources may be computational such as statistical packages, data warehouses or data mining algorithms. These may in turn draw on more generic resources such as database systems and data communication systems. Business Informational process 1 Process step 1 Resource manager 1 Process step 2 Process step 3 Resource manager 2 Process step 4 Resource manager 3 Process step 5 Resource manager 4 process 2 Figure 1 Business processes, informational processes and resources What is of interest from an outside perspective is the kind of support a resource may provide. Abstractly speaking, a resource may be characterized by its competence . Competence manifests itself as the range of tasks that the resource manager is capable of performing. The range of tasks is referred to as a service. In this view, a resource manager is referred to as a service provider (or server for short) and each subsystem that makes use of a resource manager as a service client (or client for short). 2. 2 Service characteristics The relationship between a client and a server is governed by a service level characteristics of the services it provides. From the viewpoint of the client the server as to meet certain obligations or responsibilities. The responsibilities can be broadly classified into two categories. The first category is service functionality and covers the collection of functions available to a client and given by their syntactical interfaces (signatures) and their semantic effects. The semantic effects often reflect the interrelationships between the functions due to a shared state. Functionality is what a client basically is interested in. The second category covers the qualities of service. These are non-functional properties that are nonetheless considered essential for the usefulness of a server to client. 2. Service qualities To make the discussion more targeted, we study what technical equal ties of service we come to expect from an information system. Ubiquity. In general, an information system includes a large – in the Internet even unbounded – number of service providers. Access to services should be unrestricted in time and space, that is, anytime between any places. Ubiquity of information services makes data communication an indispensable part of info rmation systems. Durability. Information services have not only to do with deriving new information from older information but also act as a kind of business memory. Access to older information in the form of stored data must remain possible at any time into an unlimited future, unless and until the data is explicitly overwritten. Durability of information makes database management a second indispensable ingredient of information systems. Interpretability. In an information system, data is exchanged across both, space due to ubiquity and time due to durability. Data carries information, but it is not information by itself. To exchange information, the sender has to encode its information as data, and the receiver reconstructs the information by interpreting the data. Any exchange should ensure, to the extent possible, that the interpretations of sender and receiver agree, that is, that meaning is preserved in space and time. This requires some common conventions, e. G. , a formal framework for interpretation. Because information systems and their environment usually are only loosely coupled, the formal framework can only reflect something like a best effort. Best-effort interpretability is often called (semantic) consistency. Robustness. The service must remain reliable, I. E. Guarantee its functionality and qualities to any client, under all circumstances, be they errors, disruptions, failures, incursions, interferences. Robustness must always be founded on a failure model. You read "System Architecture" in category "Papers" There may be different models for different causes. For example, a service function must reach a defined state in case of failure (failure resilience), service functions muss t only interact in predefined ways if they access the same resource (conflict resilience), and the effect of a function must not be lost once the function came to a Security. Services must remain trustworthy, that is, show no effects beyond the guaranteed functionality and qualities, and include only the predetermined clients, n the face of failures, errors or malicious attacks. Performance. Services must be rendered with adequate technical performance at given cost. From a client’s perspective the performance manifests itself as the response time. From a whole community of clients the performance is measured as throughput. Scalability. Modern information systems are open systems in the number of both, clients and servers. Services must not deteriorate in functionality and qualities in the face of a continuous growth of service requests from clients or other servers. 3 Service hierarchies 3. 1 Divide-and-conquer Given a requirements specification in terms of service functionality and qualities on the one hand and a set of available basic, e. G. , physical resources from which to construct them on the other hand, architectural design is about solving the complex task of bridging the gap between the two. The time -proven method for doing so is divide-and conquer which recursively derives from a given task a set of more limited tasks that can be combined to realize the original task. However, this is little more than an abstract principle that still leaves open the strategy that governs the decomposition. Higher-level responsibility arrive functionality qualities composition: assemble higher-level responsibility decomposition: divide higher-level lower-level responsibilities Figure 2 Divide-and-conquer for services We look for a strategy that is well-suited to our service philosophy. Among the various strategies covered in [Est.] the one to fit the service philosophy best is the assignment of responsibilities. In decomposing a larger task new smaller tasks are defined, that circumscribe narrower responsibilities within the original responsibility (Figure 2). If we follow Section 2. 2, a responsibility no matter what its range is always fined in terms of a service functionality and a set of service qualities. Hence, the decomposition results in a hierarchy of responsibilities, I. E. Services, starting from the semantically richest though least detailed service at the root and progressing downwards to ever narrower but more detailed services. The inner nodes of the hierarchy can be interpreted as resource managers that act as both, service providers and service clients. 3. 2 Design hypothesis All we know at this point is that decomposition follows a strategy of dividing responsibilities for services. Services encompass functionality and a large number of laity-of-s ervice (So) parameters. This opens up a large design space at each step. A design method deserves its name only if we impose a certain discipline that restricts the design space at each step. The challenge now is to find a discipline that both, explains common existing architectural patterns, and systematically constructs new patterns if novel requirements arise. We claim that the service perspective has remained largely unexplored so that any discipline based on it is as yet little more than a design hypothesis. Our method divides each step from one level to the next into three parts. Functional decomposition. This is the traditional approach. We consider service functionality a a primary s criterion for decomposition. Since the original service requirements reflect the needs of the business world, the natural inclination is to use a pure top-down or stepwise must decide whether, and if so how, the functionality should be further broken up into a set of less powerful obligations and corresponding service functionalities to which some tasks can be delegated, and how these are to be combined to obtain the original functionality. However, the closer we come to the basic resources the more hose will restrict our freedom of design. Consequently, at some point we may have to reverse the direction and use stepwise composition to construct a more powerful functionality from simpler functionalities. Propagation of service qualities. Consider two successive levels in the hierarchy and an assignment of So- parameters to the higher-level service, we now determine which service qualities should be taken care of by the services on the upper and lower levels. Three options exist for each quality. Under exclusive control the higher-level service takes sole responsibility, I. E. , does not propagate the quality any further. Under partial control it shares the responsibility with some lower-level service, I. E. , passes some So aspects along. Under complete delegation the higher-level service ignores the quality altogether and entirely passes it further down to a lower-level service. For partial control or complete delegation our hope is that the various qualities passed down are orthogonal and hence can be assigned to separate and largely independent resource managers. Priority of service qualities. Among the service qualities under exclusive or partial control, choose one as the primary quality and refine the decomposition. Our hope is that the remaining qualities exert no or only minor influences on this level, I. E. , are orthogonal to the primary quality and thus can be taken care of separately. Clearly, there are interdependencies between the three parts so that we should expect to iterate through them. 4 4. 1 Testing the design hypothesis Classical 5-layer architecture Even though it is difficult to discern from the complex architecture of today’s relational DB’S, most of them started out with an architecture that took as its reference the well-published 5-layer architecture of System R [Sass, Chic]. Up to hose days the architecture is still the backbone of academic courses in database system implementation (see, e. G. , [HERR]). As a first test we examine whether our design hypothesis could retroactively explain this (centralized) architecture. 4. 1. 1 Priority on performance We assume that the DB’S offers all the service qualities of Section 2. 3 safe ubiquity, the relational data model in its SQL appearance. As noted in Section 2. 3, durability is the raisin d’ ©tree for DB’S. Durability is first of all a quality that must be guaranteed on the level of physical resources, by non- volatile storage. Let’s assume that durability is delegated all the way down to this level. Even after decades durability is still served almost exclusively by magnetic disk storage. If we use processor speed as the yardstick, the overwhelming bottleneck, by six orders of magnitude, is access latency, which is composed of the movement of the mechanical access mechanism for reaching a cylinder and the rotational delay until the desired data block appears under the read/write head. Consequently, performance dwarfs all other service qualities in importance on the lowest level. Considering the size of the bottleneck and the fact that performance is also an issue or the clients, it seems to make sense to work from the hypothesis that performance is the highest-priority quality across the entire hierarchy to be constructed. 4. 1 . 2 Playing off functionality versus performance Since we ignore for the time being all service qualities except performance, our design hypothesis becomes somewhat simplified: There is a single top-priority quality, and because it pervades the entire hierarchy it is implemented by partial control. The challenge, then, is to find for each level a suitable benchmark against which to evaluate performance. Such a benchmark is given by an access profile, that is a sequence of operations that reflects, e. G. , average behavior or high-priority requests. We refer to such a benchmark as data staging. More expressive data model data staging data model Id wider usage context access profile resource manager I less expressive narrower Figure 3 Balancing functionality and performance on a level Consequently, our main objective on each level is determining a balance of functionality and data staging. As Figure 3 illustrates, the balancing takes account of a tandem of knowledge. On the way down we move from more to less expressive data models and at the same time from a wider context, I. E. More global knowledge of prospective data usage, to a narrower context with more localized knowledge of data usage. The higher we are in the hierarchy, the earlier can we predict the need for a data element. Design for performance, then, means to put the predictions to good use. Based on these abstractions we are indeed able to explain the classical architecture. We start with the root whose functionality is given by the relational model and SQL. The logical database structure in the form of relations is imposed by the clients. We also assume an access profile in terms of a history of operations on the logical database. We compress the access profile into an access density that expresses the probability of Joint use of data elements within a given time interval. The topmost resource manager can now use the access density to rearrange the data elements into sets of Jointly accessible elements. It then takes account of performance by translating queries against the relational database to those against the rearranged, internal database. The data model on this internal level could very well still be relational. But since we have to move to a less expressive data model, we leave only he structure relational but employ duple operators rather than set operators. Consequently, the topmost resource manager also implements the relational operators by programs on sets of tepees. What is missing from the access density is the dynamics – which operations are applied to which data elements and in which order. Therefore, for the next lower level we compress the access profile into an access pattern that reflects the frequency and temporal distribution of the operations on data elements. There is a large number of so-called physical data structures tailored to different patterns – or combined associative and sequential access. The resource manager on this level accounts for performance by assigning suitable physical structures to the sets of the internal data model. The data model on the next lower level provides a library of physical data structures together with the operators for accessing them. It is not all clear how to continue from here on downwards because we have extracted all we could from the access profile. Hence we elect to change direction and start from the bottom. Given the storage devices we use physical file management as provided by operating systems. We choose a block-oriented file organization because it makes the least assumptions about subsequent use of the data and offers a homogeneous view on all devices. We use parameter settings to influence performance. The parameters concern, among others, file size and dynamic growth, block size, block placement, block addressing (virtual or physical). To lay the foundation for data staging we would like to control physical proximity: adjacent block numbering should be equivalent to minimal latency on sequential, or (in case of RAID) parallel access. The data model is defined by classical file management functions. The next upper level recognizes the fact that on the higher levels data staging is in terms of sets of records. It introduces its own version of sets, namely segments. These are defined on pages with a size equal to block size. Performance is controlled by the strategy that places pages in blocks. Particularly critical to performance is the assumption that record size is much lower than page size so that a page contains a fairly large number of records. Hence, under the best of circumstances a page transfer into main memory results in the transfer of a large number of Jointly used cords. Buffer management gives shared records a much better chance to survive in main memory. The data model on this level is terms of sets of pages and operators on these. This leaves Just the gap to be closed between sets of records as they manifest themselves in the physical data structures, and sets of pages. Given a page, all records on the page can be accessed with main memory speed. Since each data structure reflects a particular pattern of record operations, we translate the pattern into a strategy for placing Jointly used records on the same page (record clustering). The physical data resource manager places or retrieves records on or from pages, respectively. How to cite System Architecture, Papers

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